Identifying the most promising liquefaction processes and associated transport and storage technologies is therefore crucial these need to be considered in terms of a range of interconnected parameters ranging from energy consumption and appropriate materials usage to considerations of unique liquid-hydrogen physics (in the form of ortho–para hydrogen conversion) and boil-off gas handling. The liquefaction and storage processes must, however, be both safe and efficient for liquid hydrogen to be viable as an energy carrier. Transportation and storage of hydrogen are critical to its large-scale adoption and to these ends liquid hydrogen is being widely considered.
Hydrogen is emerging as one of the most promising energy carriers for a decarbonised global energy system. E-mail: b Future Energy Exports Cooperative Research Centre, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia c HS Kempten, 87435 Kempten (Allgäu) d FormFactor GmbH, Süss Straße 1, Registergericht Dresden HRB 3021, 01561 Thiendorf, Germany e MitaVista, the Space Life Science Lab Suite 201C, 505 Odyssey Way, Exploration Park, FL 32953, USA f Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK g Hydrogen Properties for Energy Research (HYPER) Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Washington State University, USA h Lehrstuhl für Thermodynamik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany i Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd, 1-1, Kawasaki-cho, Akashi-City, 673-8666, Japan j School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia k NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cryogenics Test Laboratory, UB-G, KSC, FL 32899NASA, USA
* ab a Fluid Science and Resources Division, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
Sci., 2022, 15, 2690-2731 Hydrogen liquefaction: a review of the fundamental physics, engineering practice and future opportunities
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